Cooling with a heat pump — does it really work?

One of the most common questions we get asked at alpha innotec is: “Can my heat pump replace an air conditioner?”

The answer is: yes, to a certain extent. A heat pump works on a similar principle to an air conditioner—it extracts heat from the air in the room. However, while split air conditioners can cool specific areas very quickly, a heat pump provides even, gentle, and energy-efficient cooling via surface heating systems such as underfloor or wall heating.

Heat pump vs. air conditioner - a comparison

A whole lot, in any case. Alexander Sperr, technical expert at the German Heat Pump Association (Bundesverband Wärmepumpe e.V.), writes:

"Compared to traditional cooling using split air conditioning units, chillers, or VRF systems, cooling using heat pumps is relatively inexpensive. Passive cooling of an office building can save up to 80% of cooling costs, and active cooling can still save around 20%."

If you generate part of the electricity required for your heat pump with your own photovoltaic system, you can reduce the amount of grid electricity needed for cooling. Especially in summer, solar panels can produce electricity that can be used directly for cooling.

Not every heat pump is automatically suitable for cooling. The decisive criterion here is the design.

Air-to-water-heat pump

• Mostly reversible devices → can actively heat and cool
• Good solution for new buildings and renovations
• Slightly higher power consumption in cooling mode

Ground Source heat pump

• Enables active and passive cooling
• Uses constant ground temperature of approx. 10 °C
• Very efficient, low operating costs
• Popular for new buildings with geothermal probes

Hot water Heat pump

• Used exclusively for hot water preparation
• Not suitable for cooling

 These heat pumps can cool:

When it comes to cooling with a heat pump, a basic distinction is made between active and passive cooling. Both variants work on a similar principle—heat is transported from the house to the outside—but differ greatly in terms of technology, performance, and energy consumption.

Active cooling

In active cooling, the heat pump basically works like a reverse air conditioner. The compressor is switched on, the refrigerant runs through the entire cycle, and the heat is actively transported from the living spaces to the outside. This enables a noticeable drop in temperature, which in many cases is between 2 and 4 degrees Celsius.

The advantage: Even on very hot days, you can ensure pleasant temperatures.

The disadvantage: Operation requires more electricity – depending on the size of the building and usage, around 300 to 600 euros per year.

Where does it make sense? Especially where an air-to-water heat pump or a system with reversible technology is installed.

Passive cooling

Passive cooling is the most natural and efficient way to cool rooms with a heat pump. Here, the compressor remains switched off. Instead, the system uses the naturally cool temperatures of the ground or groundwater.

The advantage: extremely low operating costs (usually only 50–100 € per year) and very quiet operation without disturbing noises.

The disadvantage: the cooling capacity is limited. Rooms can be cooled by a noticeable 3–8 °C, but rapid cooling as with an air conditioner is not possible.

Where does it make sense? Passive cooling is particularly worthwhile in well-insulated new buildings with surface heating (floor, wall, or ceiling). There, the gentle reduction is completely sufficient to create a pleasant indoor climate even on hot days. The system is particularly economical if a geothermal heat pump or groundwater heat pump is installed.

The answer depends largely on the type of cooling (active or passive), the condition of the building, and the type of heating surfaces.

Active cooling: Here, the heat pump works in a similar way to an air conditioner. Typically, temperature reductions of 2–4 °C can be achieved. In a living space with a temperature of 28 °C, a comfortable level of around 24–26 °C can be achieved.

Passive cooling: Uses the natural coldness of the ground or groundwater. In well-insulated buildings with panel heating, reductions of 3–8 °C are possible. This is sufficient to create a comfortable indoor climate even during heat waves.

Many people underestimate the cooling capacity of heat pumps. In combination with good insulation and external sun protection, a moderate reduction is sufficient to significantly improve the quality of living in summer.

Patrick Pohl, Sales Team Leader North/West, alpha innotec Heat Pumps

Conclusion: Heat pumps are an interesting option for homeowners who value efficient heating and comfortable cooling. However, those living in poorly insulated buildings with high cooling requirements should consult a specialist company to assess the suitability of the system.

Certain conditions must be met for the cooling function of a heat pump to work efficiently.

Heating surfaces

• Underfloor heating: Ideal, as it covers a large area, provides even cooling, and causes hardly any drafts.
• Wall heating/ceiling heating: Also suitable, with comparable efficiency.
• Fan coil units: A good solution, especially in older buildings where there is no surface heating. They can both heat and cool and react quickly.
• Classic radiators: Not really suitable for cooling due to their small surface area.

Building standard

• Good insulation of the roof, walls, and windows is crucial. It keeps the heat out in summer and supports the efficiency of the cooling system.
• External sun protection (roller shutters, awnings) also prevents rooms from heating up.

Control & technology

• Dew point control: Important for preventing condensation on cold surfaces.
• Adequately dimensioned pipes: This is the only way to reliably transport the cooling quantities.
  
• Smart-Home-Systems: Control cooling efficiently and according to demand.

Cooling with a heat pump in new buildings

Many existing buildings are still equipped with traditional radiators, which are unsuitable for cooling. If you want to use a heat pump for cooling in these buildings, you will usually have to invest in heating surfaces. It is also important to consider the building envelope: without improved insulation, the house loses a lot of heat in winter and absorbs too much heat in summer. In such cases, the heat pump alone cannot provide the desired indoor climate.

In older buildings in particular, it is worth not only modernizing the heat pump, but also investing in insulation and heating surfaces at the same time. Only then can the cooling function really show its strengths.

Marion Kirchner, Master plumber and heating engineer; Sales Manager at alpha innotec Bavaria

Cooling with a heat pump in new builds

In a new building, the conditions for cooling with a heat pump are usually ideal. Nowadays, underfloor heating or another surface heating system is almost always installed, which is ideal for dissipating cooling energy. In addition, new buildings have good insulation due to current standards and are often equipped with external sun protection.

The total costs consist of investment (purchase or retrofitting) and ongoing operation.

Cost overview for heat pumps with cooling function

Yes, in many cases, the cooling function can be retrofitted to a heat pump. However, this depends heavily on the type and model of heat pump. Not every system is reversible, and some devices lack the technical basis for this. Therefore, the first step is always to have the system checked by a specialist company or the manufacturer.

Basically, retrofitting requires a few technical adjustments: a 4-way valve ensures that the refrigeration cycle can be reversed, an additional expansion valve regulates the pressure, and the control system must also be adjusted accordingly. This work should definitely be carried out by a specialist company to ensure warranty and safety.

The cooling function of a heat pump only reaches its full potential when it is used intelligently and the building is prepared for operation. By following a few simple rules, you can significantly increase efficiency and noticeably reduce electricity costs.

Correct behavior in summer

• Close roller shutters or blinds during the day: This keeps direct sunlight out and reduces the load on the heat pump.
• Ventilate at night: When it is cooler outside than inside, night ventilation helps to remove excess heat from the rooms.
• Adjust the heating curve: A flat heating or cooling curve ensures even temperatures without unnecessary energy consumption.

Combine photovoltaics with heat pump

It is particularly worthwhile to combine the heat pump with a photovoltaic system. This is because the PV system produces a particularly large amount of electricity when the cooling demand is greatest in summer. The excess energy that is not used directly during the day can flow directly into the cooling system.

• A 5 kWp system can easily cover most cooling requirements in summer.
• In conjunction with an electricity storage system, the excess energy can be temporarily stored and also used for cooling in the evening.
• By using self-generated solar electricity, you can reduce grid electricity consumption and the associated operating costs for cooling.
  

The heat pump has long been more than just a heating system. It combines efficient heating in winter with the option of comfortable cooling in summer. Depending on the system, active or passive cooling can be used to maintain pleasant indoor temperatures throughout the year.